↑ G. J. H. Grubben, Sutjipto Partohardjono, Cereals Prosea Project - 1996 - Page 114 "On milling, paddy gives approximately: husk 20%, whole rice 50%, broken rice 16%, bran and meal 14%. The husked or hulled rice is usually called brown rice, and this is then milled to remove the outer layers, including the aleurone layer "
↑ A. Th. G. Elzebroek, Koop Wind Guide to Cultivated Plants 2008 - Page 346 "In West Africa, a hybrid between O. sativa and O. glabberima has been developed. This new hybrid, labelled 'Nerica'... grains are sold as 'broken rice'. Very small broken rice is called 'brewers' rice', generally used for industrial purposes. On milling paddy gives approximately 20% husk, 50% brown rice, 16% broken rice, 14% bran and meal.
↑ “Broken rice kernels and the kinetics of rice hydration and texture during cooking.”. J Sci Food Agric 93 (7): 1673–9. Tháng 5 năm 2013. PMID23174947. doi:10.1002/jsfa.5948.
↑ Grain market report International Wheat Council, International Grains Council -- Nos 276/285 1999 -- Page 36 "Thai 100% grade B white rice (referred to as "white rice" in this section) is a widely-traded, high- quality variety, and Thai A1 Special broken rice represents a cheaper type that is often marketed to West Africa, for example. Many other types and..."
↑ William E. Burns Science And Technology in Colonial America 2005 - Page 12 "... purpose in West Africa. The baskets were then rotated and tossed to separate the lighter hulls from the heavier grains. The long-grain rice, the famous "Carolina Gold," had to be handled carefully to avoid breakage, as broken rice was of less..."
↑ Rice Grain Quality and Marketing 1985 Page 6 "However, the export demand for broken rice prices in Thailand is almost as high as for medium-quality whole rice, due to rapidly increasing demand for broken rice in West Africa, mentioned earlier. Thailand broken rice is long-grain, clean and..."
↑ Texas Monthly April 1975 - Page 110 Uncle Ben "Of the 70 pounds of milled white rice, only about 55 pounds can be counted upon to...... The other fifteen pounds of broken rice are shunted aside by a "sifting" machine and sold to the export market or to brewers. In the final step before packaging, Uncle..."
↑ Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Edouard N., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2018. Broken rice and polished rice. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/748
↑ Martin Brink, G. Belay Cereals and Pulses 2006 - Page 113 "Oryza sativa – planted about 800–900 AD, to West Africa. The final penetration of Oryza sativa into... Starch made from broken rice is used as laundry starch and in foods, cosmetics and textile manufacture. Beers, wines and spirits are made..."
